With hopes of revolutionizing agriculture, the plant factory sector has recently thrived. An increasing number of its vegetable products have entered the consumer market. However, several problems facing plant factories, such as high costs, poor crop quality and a low level of smartification, have remained unsolved. The initial construction of plant factories is too costly to be overlooked. To illustrate, the cost of a 5,000–10,000 m2 commercialized plant factory, including interior design and equipment and facility installation, ranges between 8,000 and 10,000 yuan ($1,577) pe...